Drop Python 3.9

.github/workflows/checks.yml

@@ -8,16 +8,16 @@ jobs:
       fail-fast: false
       matrix:
         include:
-        - python-version: 3.13
+        - python-version: 3.14
           env:
             TOXENV: pylint
         - python-version: 3.13  # Keep in sync with .readthedocs.yml
           env:
             TOXENV: docs
-        - python-version: 3.13
+        - python-version: 3.14
           env:
             TOXENV: typing
-        - python-version: 3.13
+        - python-version: 3.14
           env:
             TOXENV: twinecheck
 

.github/workflows/publish.yml

@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ jobs:
     - name: Set up Python
       uses: actions/setup-python@v6
       with:
-        python-version: 3.13
+        python-version: 3.14
 
     - name: Build
       run: |

.github/workflows/tests-macos.yml

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ jobs:
     strategy:
       fail-fast: false
       matrix:
-        python-version: ["3.9", "3.10", "3.11", "3.12", "3.13", "3.14.0-rc.2"]
+        python-version: ["3.10", "3.11", "3.12", "3.13", "3.14"]
 
     steps:
     - uses: actions/checkout@v5

.github/workflows/tests-ubuntu.yml

@@ -7,13 +7,13 @@ jobs:
     strategy:
       fail-fast: false
       matrix:
-        python-version: ["3.9", "3.10", "3.11", "3.12", "3.13", "3.14.0-rc.2", "pypy3.11"]
+        python-version: ["3.10", "3.11", "3.12", "3.13", "3.14", "pypy3.11"]
 
     steps:
     - uses: actions/checkout@v5
 
     - name: Install system libraries
-      if: contains(matrix.python-version, 'pypy') || contains(matrix.python-version, '3.14.0-rc')
+      if: contains(matrix.python-version, 'pypy')
       run: |
         sudo apt-get update
         sudo apt-get install libxml2-dev libxslt-dev

.github/workflows/tests-windows.yml

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ jobs:
     strategy:
       fail-fast: false
       matrix:
-        python-version: ["3.9", "3.10", "3.11", "3.12", "3.13", "3.14.0-rc.2"]
+        python-version: ["3.10", "3.11", "3.12", "3.13", "3.14"]
 
     steps:
     - uses: actions/checkout@v5

.pre-commit-config.yaml

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 repos:
 - repo: https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit
-  rev: v0.13.0
+  rev: v0.14.4
   hooks:
     - id: ruff-check
       args: [ --fix ]
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ repos:
   hooks:
   - id: blacken-docs
     additional_dependencies:
-    - black==25.1.0
+    - black==25.9.0
 - repo: https://github.com/pre-commit/pre-commit-hooks
   rev: v6.0.0
   hooks:

cssselect/parser.py

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@
 import operator
 import re
 import sys
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Literal, Optional, Protocol, Union, cast, overload
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Literal, Protocol, TypeAlias, Union, cast, overload
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from collections.abc import Iterable, Iterator, Sequence
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ class SelectorSyntaxError(SelectorError, SyntaxError):
 
 #### Parsed objects
 
-Tree = Union[
+Tree: TypeAlias = Union[
     "Element",
     "Hash",
     "Class",
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ class SelectorSyntaxError(SelectorError, SyntaxError):
     "SpecificityAdjustment",
     "CombinedSelector",
 ]
-PseudoElement = Union["FunctionalPseudoElement", str]
+PseudoElement: TypeAlias = Union["FunctionalPseudoElement", str]
 
 
 class Selector:
@@ -831,7 +831,7 @@ def parse_series(tokens: Iterable[Token]) -> tuple[int, int]:
 #### Token objects
 
 
-class Token(tuple[str, Optional[str]]):  # noqa: SLOT001
+class Token(tuple[str, str | None]):  # noqa: SLOT001
     @overload
     def __new__(
         cls,

pyproject.toml

@@ -10,12 +10,11 @@ description = "cssselect parses CSS3 Selectors and translates them to XPath 1.0"
 readme = "README.rst"
 authors = [{ name = "Ian Bicking", email = "ianb@colorstudy.com" }]
 maintainers = [{ name = "Paul Tremberth", email = "paul.tremberth@gmail.com" }]
-requires-python = ">=3.9"
+requires-python = ">=3.10"
 classifiers = [
     "Development Status :: 4 - Beta",
     "Intended Audience :: Developers",
     "Programming Language :: Python :: 3",
-    "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.9",
     "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.10",
     "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.11",
     "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.12",
@@ -65,7 +64,6 @@ exclude_also = [
     "def __repr__",
     "if sys.version_info",
     "if __name__ == '__main__':",
-    "if TYPE_CHECKING:",
 ]
 
 [tool.pylint.MASTER]

tox.ini

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ envlist = pre-commit,pylint,py,docs,typing
 [testenv]
 deps =
     lxml>=4.4
-    pytest-cov>=2.8
+    pytest-cov>=7.0.0
     pytest>=5.4
     sybil
 commands =
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ commands =
 [testenv:pylint]
 deps =
     {[testenv]deps}
-    pylint==3.3.8
+    pylint==4.0.2
 commands =
     pylint {posargs: cssselect tests docs}
 
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ commands =
 [testenv:typing]
 deps =
     {[testenv]deps}
-    mypy==1.18.1
+    mypy==1.18.2
     types-lxml==2025.8.25
 commands =
     mypy --strict {posargs: cssselect tests}